Modern African History
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The Distant Dream of African Development
The path to African development is the subject of debate between the Internalist and Externalist schools of development. Colonialism is the beginning of this debate.
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African Ethnicity, Towards a Definition
The definition of ethnicity has been the centre of conflict between "Euro-centric" and "Afro-centric" scholars. J.H Greenberg provides an alternative view to this debate.
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Defenders of Ethnicity and their Arguments
Writer Alex Thomson argues that "Ethnicity may often be the agent of political mobilization but it is rarely the primary cause of conflicts."
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The Zimbabwe Factor in Thabo Mbeki's Fall
President Thabo Mbeki's "Silent Diplomacy" towards Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe cost him greatly in terms of his international reputation and his power.
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How Robert Mugabe Confronted his Enemies
President Robert Mugabe has shown a remarkable ability to handle opposition to his government at all levels. What are his strategies?
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South Africa – Zimbabwe Relations under Mbeki
Throughout the difficult years of Zimbabwe's power struggle, South African President Thabo Mbeki insisted on a "silent diplomacy" towards Mugabe.
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How Zimbabwe Left the Commonwealth
The "Harare Declaration" made Zimbabwe the pivot of Commonwealth diplomacy in Africa in the 1990s. How and why then did Mugabe walk Zimbabwe out of the Commonweath?
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African Responses to Zimbabwe's Land Crisis
Mugabe's land reforms have helped to create friends and enemies for him within Africa. This alliance system is manifested at both bilateral and multilateral levels.
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Female Laborers in Tole Tea Plantation, Cameroon
Women have played the most significant role in the success of the Tole Tea Estate. They have, however, have exposed to wanton exploitation because of illiteracy.
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Death of Omar Bongo, the Message for Africa
The death of Gabonese President Omar Bongo offers cautionary lessons to African leaders that they will one day be judged by history if not by their own people.
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A Discourse on African Socialism
After independence many African leaders embraced socialism as a political ideology and identity. What has become of this concept in the 21st century?
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Kwame Nkrumah and the Search for African Unity
Kwame Nkrumah was the torch bearer of African unity after Ghana's independence in 1957. He pushed this concept to a very high level where it remains till this day.
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Mugabe, from Constitutionalism to Radicalism
Land reforms have gone through three distinct phases in Zimbabwe since 1980. These include the Constitutional, Transitional and the Radical phases.
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Arguments For and Against Mugabe's Land Policy
The debate about land reforms in Zimbabwe rages on. Mugabe defends his reforms on grounds of equality. His detractors see them as instruments of revenge pure and simple.
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Revisiting the Story of Land Reforms in Zimbabwe
Analyzing the basis of Mugabe's land reform policy is very inportant in shedding light on the driving forces behind these reforms. Key issues are revenge and socialism.
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African Conflicts, the Role of Ethnicity
Ethnicity is a defining force in modern African politics. It has, however, been employed so negatively that the term is now synanimous to chaos.
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